The compressional and physicochemical parameters of cocoyam starch and the mechanical properties of its tablets were evaluated. The compressional characteristics were analyzed using density measurement, Heckel and Kawakita plots. The cocoyam starch had a high value of Hausner’s ratio, indicated high densification and poor flowability. The viscosity profile of the cocoyam starch showed that the viscosity increased as the temperature was increased. The tablets without holes at the centre had higher tensile strengths (T) than those tablets with holes at the centre. The brittle fracture index (BFI) of the tablets at various applied pressures had values very close to unity, especially tablets with holes at 0.25Nm-2 applied pressure. The friability tests indicated that tablets without holes had better resistance to stress, friction and abrasion than tablets with holes at the centre. The results suggested that cocoyam starch could be useful as a binder or disintegrant in tablets formulation due to good compressional and mechanical properties of its tablets.

Keywords : Evaluation, Compressional, Mechanical, Starch and Tablets

Author : Oluwagbenle Henry Niyi, Akinwumi Olubunmi Adenike, Ayodele Olajide and Kolade KJ

Title : Evaluation of Compressional and Mechanical properties of Cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta) starch flour and its Tablets

Volume/Issue : 2020;8(9)

Page No : 126-132

The use of herbal bitters gained its stay since ages and they are prone to abuse by the general public including pregnant women. In this study we investigate possible birth defects associated with the use of herbal bitters, three popular bitter formulations in Nigeria herberceutical market were studied during organogenesis stage in female rats. Forty Female rats weighing (187.5g ± 41.48) were divided into four groups of ten in each group: Group A, for Control group; B for Bitters B; C for Bitters C and D for Bitters D, administered from 6-17th day of their gestation period. The administration of bitters was carried out within 11-12days. Five female rats in each group were randomly selected and sacrificed on the 20th day prior to 21st day of gestation. The fetuses were harvested through abdominal incision for morphological examination, biochemical and haematological analysis. The liver, kidney and brain of these 1st filial rats sacrificed were subjected to further histopathological examination. The results obtained in this study at (p ≤ 0.05) level of significance revealed significant difference in the morphological parameters examined. There was also statistically significant increase in the RBC, WBC and platelet at (p ≤ 0.05) concentrations as compared with control group. . The biochemical examination (ALT and AST) for the treatment groups revealed a significant elevation (p≤0.05).Oral ingestion of these bitters were teratogenic to the growing fetus. Thus, recommended that they should be avoided at all stages in pregnancy.

Keywords : Bitters, Organogenesis, Birth defect, Teratogenesis

Author : Adesina Omoloye, Adenuga Zainab, Kasim Lateef, Olaitan Olatunde, Oshiomah Kudirat Olabanjo, Eddy James

Title : Determination of Risk of Birth Defects Associated with three herbal bitter Formulations Administered during Organogenesis in female Albino rats

Volume/Issue : 2020;8(9)

Page No : 133-145

The study was aimed to formulate and evaluate fast dissolving tablets of Fexofenadine HCl and Montelukast Sodium using superdisintegrants. Fexofenadine HCl and Montelukast Sodium fast disintegrating tablets were prepared by direct compression method and characterized for pre-compression and post-compression parameters. FT-IR spectroscopy studies indicated no interaction between the drug-excipient used in the formulation. In the direct compression method, crospovidone, croscarmellose sodium and sodium starch glycolate were used along with directly compressible diluents, microcrystalline cellulose to enhance palatability. The prepared FDT tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability, drug content uniformity, wetting time, water absorption ratio and disintegration time. Based on disintegration time best formulation was chosen. The disintegration time for optimized formulation (F6) has shown better drug release (96 %) in 12 minutes. Short-term stability studies indicated that there were no significant changes in drug content and disintegration time.

Keywords : Fexofenadine Hydrochloride, Montelukast Sodium, Fast dissolving tablet, Croscarmellose sodium and In-vitro drug release

Author : Priyanka Bharat Gaikwad and V. Felix Joe

Title : Formulation and Development of Fast dissolving tablets of Montelukast Sodium and Fexofenadine Hydrochloride

Volume/Issue : 2020;8(9)

Page No : 146-155

Pemphigus Vulgaris is an autoimmune disease mainly affects skin and may also affect the mucosae of the mouth, nose, conjunctivae, genitals, esophagus, pharynx, and larynx. PV is found mainly in middle-aged and elderly patients. PV is a rare, potentially life threatening disease.Mucus membranes are mostly involved. Oral lesions are most frequently observed. Skin involvement usually occurs after mucosal involvement which is characterized by flaccid blisters and erosive areas. Corticosteroids are the primary drug used for the treatment of PV. Immunoadsorption techniques, intravenous immunoglobulin and rituximab have given boost to effective management of PV in severe cases. Here we report a case on pemphigus vulgaris.

Keywords : Pemphigus Vulgaris, Acantholysis, Autoimmune, Mucocutaneous, Rituximab

Author : Mintu Augustine, Suhaila Ahammed, Greeshma Rajesh, Ajimi A Rahiman, Fathimath Dilsha

Title : Case report on Pemphigus Vulgaris

Volume/Issue : 2020;8(9)

Page No : 156-158

Henoch-Schonlein Purpura (HSP) is a rare vasculitic disorder causing small vessels of the skin, alimentary canal, kidney, joints, and rarely lungs and central nervous system (CNS). HSP occurs decreasing with age. Here we report a case of a male child who presented with mild grade fever, leg pain, purpuric rashes, and non-pitting pedal edema. The head to foot examination shows restriction of movements presented in the lower limbs and palpable purpura presented in both upper and lower limbs associated with edema. Symptomatic therapy is enough for the treatment. Although he was successfully treated, mystery still veiled the etiology, pathophysiology, also line of management of this rare and enigmatic disease.

Keywords : Henoch-Schonlein Purpura, Vasculitic disorder, Purpuric Rashes, Pedal edema

Author : Smitha Mariyam Thomas, Dhivya Jose, Fathimath Dilsha, Gopika K S, Tonya Clara Thomas

Title : Case report on Henoch-Schonlein Purpura: A vasculitic disorder

Volume/Issue : 2020;8(9)

Page No : 159-162

Glossopharyngeal neuralgia is a rare pain syndrome in the sensory distribution of the ninth cranial nerve known as glossopharyngeal nerve. GN is characterized by brief episodic unilateral pain with sharp and stabbing character, with abrupt onset and cessation. Usually occurs in patients above 45 years. Treatment of choice includes carbamazepine, gabapentin, pregabalin and other membrane stabilizing agents. Here we report a case on glossopharyngeal neuralgia.

Keywords : Glossopharyngeal neuralgia, Trigeminal neuralgia, MRI, MRA, CT, Oxcarbamazepine

Author : Suhaila Ahammed, Greeshma Rajesh, Mintu Augustine, Kabeer PK, Vishnu K

Title : Case Report on Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia

Volume/Issue : 2020;8(9)

Page No : 163-165

Hypokalemic periodic paralysis is a rare, autosomal dominant channelopathy characterized by muscle weakness or paralysis when there is a fall in potassium levels in the blood. Recovery is usually sudden when it occurs, due to release of potassium from swollen muscles as they recover. Weakness can be caused by a number of neurological disorders including Myastenia gravis, Guillain – Barre syndrome. Other than neurologic causes, Electrolyte imbalance is the commonly understood factor. Repeated episodes of weakness associated with low serum potassium levels along with almost normal serum potassium levels in-between attacks make HPP different from other disorders. HPP is a rare neuromuscular disorder that may be associated with thyrotoxicosis, hyperaldosteronism and certain drugs. An occurrence of Myastenia gravis and Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis together in the same patient has been rarely reported.

Keywords : Myastenia gravis, Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis, Guillain – Barre syndrome, Plasmapheresis

Author : Muhammed Ansil T P, Suhaila Ahammed, Maneesha T , Jasal Khalid, Rebia V, Ajay K Raj

Title : A Rare Existence of Myasthenia Gravis with Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis – A Case Report

Volume/Issue : 2020;8(9)

Page No : 166-168

Problems of antimicrobial drug resistance are presently serious and desperate. The principal areas of concern are twofold: multiresistant opportunist bacteria that affect vulnerable patients in high dependency areas of hospitals major problem for developing countries like India. There is multidrug resistance among the classic pathogens. Almost 1/3rd population on the earth are infected by mycobacterium tuberculosis, salmonella typhi, Shigella spp., Neisseria gonorrhea and plasmodium falciparum. Number of drugs available for the treatment of viral, fungal and parasite infections is comparatively less; moreover very little is known about resistance. In recent years; concern has increased that the golden antibiotic era might be coming to an end. This is attributed to the rate of production of new antimicrobial agents has reduced. Moreover, different parasites are showing great inventiveness in devising mechanisms for overcoming the lethal activity of such agents. If antimicrobial chemotherapy is preserved for future; prescribers must learn to use these powerful tools with greater discretion and their use worldwide must be regulated effectively.

Keywords : Antimicrobial Drug; Drug Resistance; Parasites

Author : Dr. Pravin J. Patil

Title : Antimicrobial Drug Resistance: A Review

Volume/Issue : 2020;8(9)

Page No : 169-174

Bubble baby disease is scientifically known as Adenosine deaminase - Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (ADA-SCIDS) which is a rarely occurring disease predominantly in infants (one in a lakh population). The disease is initiated by a complete deficiency of the immune system where the infants cannot tolerate even minor infections or allergies. Further, it is mainly caused due to the mutation in the gene IL2RG located on the X chromosome of the parents. To date, there is no particular test to diagnosis this disease, and delay in diagnosing this disease may lead to the death of a particular infant. Furthermore, in recent times researchers are concentrating on developing a test method to diagnose the disease rapidly. The treatment options include bone marrow transplantation, gene therapy, and pharmacotherapy (Calcarea phosp tablets) with reckeweg treatment (natural immunity booster drops). Though therapies very effective in improving the health of infants they possess few drawbacks like keeping the babies in sterile and isolated conditions which are done by placing the baby in a bubble made up of plastic. This short communication will cover about the disease and treatment options available in the present scenario.

Keywords : Bubble baby disease; Immunodeficiency; X chromosome; IL2RGgene; Infants

Author : Sajja Molya, Naveen Y, Praveen Sivadasu and Padmalatha Kantamaneni

Title : A brief review on bubble baby disease

Volume/Issue : 2020;8(9)

Page No : 175-178

Monoclonal antibodies (MAb) are antibodies that are indistinguishable in light of the fact that they were created by one kind of insusceptible cell, all clones of a solitary parent cell. The goal of medication focusing on is to convey medications to a particular site of activity through a carrier system. In chemotherapy, cytotoxic medications slaughter carcinogenic cells yet in addition harm typical cells. Monoclonal antibodies produced against explicit antigen, when conjugated to cytotoxic medications, can specifically convey medications to malignancy cells while limiting harm to ordinary cells. Of all the carrier system available, monoclonal antibodies are gaining importance because of their high specificity. There are four basic steps are involved in the production of a monoclonal antibody which are discussed in the following review. Monoclonal antibodies overall address an imperative advancement in clinical medicine therefore purpose of review is to study monoclonal antibodies among all available documents and put forth its brief information to researcher’s.

Keywords : Carrier System, Chemotherapy, Monoclonal Antibodies

Author : Swapnil A. Mundhe, Ashok B. Giri, Mr. Kiran C. Rodge

Title : Contextual Investigation: Monoclonal Antibodies

Volume/Issue : 2020;8(9)

Page No : 179-186

Introduction: Bhaishajya kalpana is the branch of science which deals with the conversion of raw material into therapeutically suitable form. In ancient time, physicians themselves used to prepare medicine for administering to their patients. Sushrutha samhitha belongs to Dhanvantari sampradaya, which mainly deals with shalya and shalakya tantra. Though the text is shalya pradhana, details of pharmaceutics are available in all the divisions, in a scattered manner. An attempt has been made here to compile the important concepts of bhaishajya kalpana explained in sushrutha samhitha. Methods: Literary search was done in sushrutha samhitha, and concepts pertaining to the same were searched in peer reviewed journals. Observation: The different concepts found are adharabhutha siddhanta, dravya Sangrahana and samrakshana, maana, viruddha, shadvidha kashaya kalpana, Details of kshara kalpana, sneha kalpana and other kalpana like lavana, ayaskruthi, pathya kalpana, masi kalpana. Conclusion: Sushrutha samhitha belonged to ancient period. The details concerning to aushadha nirmana are available in all the divisions, in scattered manner. Details regarding collection of drug, different dosage form and their method of preparation are explained. A separate branch for medicine preparation did not exist in samhitha period. From this it can be inferred that knowledge of bhaishajya kalpana was inevitable, and every vaidya had to know it.

Keywords : Sushrutha samhitha, Bhaishajya kalpana, Aushadha nirmana, Pharmaceutics

Author : Pooja B, Vinay R Kadibagil and Govinda Sharma K

Title : Conceptual Review on Pharmaceutics in Sushrutha Samhitha

Volume/Issue : 2020;8(9)

Page No : 187-192