The current study emphasizes the process of synthesis of nanoparticles from the natural residue that is rapid and eco-friendly. So we present a simple and eco-friendly biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Ficus benghalensis fruit extract as reducing agent, rapid reduction of silver ions is observed leading to the formation of silver nanoparticles in solution. The synthesized nanoparticles are characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The silver nanoparticles exhibit significantly maximum zones of inhibition against human pathogens and it also enhance the seed germination growth of Pisum sativum, Cicer arietinum, and Vigna radiate.

Keywords : Silver nanoparticles, Antimicrobial activity, Seed germination

Author : N. Vasanth, G. Melchias, P. Kumaravel

Title : Ficus benghalensis mediates synthesis of silver nanoparticles: the green approach yields NPs that are its anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant

Volume/Issue : 2016;4(7)

Page No : 1-12

In the this paper an attempt has been made to monitoring of klebsiella pneumonia in surface water which a part of feacal coliform bacteria that consider one of microbial pollution indicators in water, also determined their antibiotic resistance and aac(3)-II encoding gene using PCR with specific primers for the detection of aac(3)-II gene. The results showed a total of 40 isolates of klebsiella pneumonia were tested for the presence of the aac(3)-II gene by PCR, 20% were carrying this gene, and also isolates were resistant to various classes of antibiotics. Water and sewage are the ones, which have been identified as reservoirs of enteric bacteria for spread of resistance factors, Prolonged periods that pathogens can remain infectious in the surface waters presenting health risks to transmit these pathogen in potable water, agricultural irrigation water and industrial water usages allowing for the dissemination of multiresistant bacteria into the environment and this can result in dissemination of multiresistant bacteria and their genes of resistance into the environment

Keywords : aac (3)-II gene, k. pneumonia

Author : Kadhum H. Al-Arajy, Afrah F. Abd Al-Kareem, Kifah A. Jassim

Title : Prevalence of aac (3)-II Gene in Klebsiella Pneumonia Isolated from Surface Water of Tigris River within Baghdad Province

Volume/Issue : 2016;4(7)

Page No : 13-17

Helicobacter pylori considered one of the most common bacterial infections worldwide leading to acute or chronic gastritis, peptic ulceration and gastric cancer. In this study, infection was identified by Rapid Test Device (EOCtest) for qualitative detection of specific IgM and IgG antibodies in serum. According to EOCtest, 102260 (39.2%) were positive .thirty five biopsies were obtained from the patient suffering acute and chronic gastritis .By using Colombia agar supplied with sheep blood, eight isolates were cultured then diagnosed using a Housekeeping for two cagA gene regions. Results of detecting antibiotic resistance genes including TEM, SHV, maxX, rrl ,acc3, acc6, aph(3)VI and rmtC showed that most of the isolate confer resistance to at least one of those genes .Four isolates harbored TEM gene confer resistance to penicillin's antibiotic, 58 isolate harbored SHV gene which resist broad spectrum B-lactams , 3 isolates harbored efflux pump maxX gene and one isolates showed positive result to rmtC gene responsible for 16S methyltransferaes of aminoglycoside. Some isolates demonstrate resistance to aminoglycoside by producing modifying enzymes acc3 &acc6 (7& 6 isolates, respectively). None of the isolate was clarithromycin resistant .This results might represent an indicator for emergence of resistance to β- Lactams, Aminogycoside group but not for clarithromycin.

Keywords : H.pylori, cagA housekeeping gene, Antibiotics resistance

Author : Ali Sajid Mohammed Ali, Israa M.S. Al-Kadmy, Munim Radwan Ali, SawsanSajid Al-Jubori

Title : Emergency of Helicobacter pylori resistance isolates obtained from Iraqi patients suffering Acute and chronic gastritis

Volume/Issue : 2016;4(7)

Page No : 18-23

Yamuna River is the main source of water supply to India’s capital Delhi. One of the greatest concerns for the water consumers with respect to the quality of Yamuna water is contamination with pathogenic bacteria which cause variety of diseases and illness. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify the unknown pathogenic bacteria from Yamuna river water by 16S rDNA sequencing method. DNA samples from the bacterial species were extracted by phenol-chloroform extraction method. The extracted DNA samples were amplified through PCR and further sequenced by DNA sequencer. These complete sequences were then probed using NCBI BLAST program. Pair wise alignment giving a close match of 98 percent with sequence analyzed were chosen. The sequences retrieved from NCBI data base giving the closest match in pair wise BLAST were identified as Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica. Results suggest that Yamuna River at Delhi region harbor potential pathogenic bacteria that can threaten human health. Therefore, Yamuna river water should be treated well to make it potable.

Keywords : Yamuna River, Water quality, Pathogenic Bacteria, Identification

Author : Uttam Prasad Semwal, Pradeep Sharma

Title : Isolation and identification of bacteria from Yamuna River using 16S rDNA sequencing method

Volume/Issue : 2016;4(7)

Page No : 24-27

A simple, speedy, sensitive, accurate and validated isocratic RP-HPLC/UV bio analytical method was developed for the concurrent quantitative estimation of atazanavir and cobicistat in human plasma along with darunavir as an internal standard. Drugs were extracted by simple protein precipitation procedure using acetonitrile for deprotonation. Quantification of atazanavir and cobicistat was achieved on analytical C18 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm; 5µm) using a mobile phase comprising of buffer and acetonitrile in the proportion of 65:35 (v/v), pumped with a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The eluents were detected at a wavelength of 240 nm and atazanavir, cobicistat and darunavir were detected at retention times of 5.92, 6.75 & 3.95min, respectively. Calibration plots for atazanavir and cobicistat in spiked plasma were linear in range of 0.3-10 & 0.15-5 µg/ml, respectively. The method was validated for various parameters as per standard guidelines and it was found to be convenient for successful bio analysis of atazanavir and cobicistat in human plasma.

Keywords : Human Plasma; Protein Precipitation; Internal Standard; Atazanavir; Cobicistat.

Author : P. Leela Madhuri, D. Gowri Sankar

Title : Bio analytical method development and validation for simultaneous estimation of atazanavir and cobicistat by RP-HPLC in human plasma

Volume/Issue : 2016;4(7)

Page No : 28-36

Simple specific, accurate and precise UV-Spectrophotometric method is developed for Butenafine hydrochloride in bulk and cream formulation. The method has been validated for the linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness and ruggedness as per ICH guideline. The solvent used was methanol and the λ max or the absorption maxima of the drug was found to be 252 nm. The linearity for butenafine hydrochloride was found to be in the range of 10-60 µg/ml with the regression coefficient of 0.999. Stability of butenafine hydrochloride was carried out by force degradation study. The stress degradation studies showed that Butenafine hydrochloride undergoes degradation in acidic, alkaline, dry heat, oxidation and photolytic conditions. This method can be used for the determination of Butenafine hydrochloride in quality control of formulation without interference of the excipients. All the above factors lead to the conclusion that the proposed method is accurate, precise, simple, sensitive, robust and cost effective and can be applied successfully for the estimation of butenafine hydrochloride in bulk and pharmaceutical formulation. The proposed method is also useful for determination of butenafine hydrochloride stability in sample of pharmaceutical dosage forms.

Keywords : UV Spectrophotometry, Butenafine, Force Degradation

Author : Kaveri T. Vaditake, Charushila J. Bhangale, Anagha V. Baviskar and Vijay D. Wagh

Title : Force degradation study of butenafine hydrochloride in bulk and cream formulation

Volume/Issue : 2016;4(7)

Page No : 37-41

The present study was commenced to investigate the methanolic extracts of Avicennia marina for antimicrobial screening. A. marina is a plant of Acanthaceae family. The methanolic extracts of A. marina produced good antimicrobial activity against Gram negative (-ve) bacteria & was resistant against Gram positive (+ve) bacteria. The study was performed by disc diffusion method.

Keywords : Avicennia marina, Acanthaceae, antimicrobial screening

Author : S. M. Naim Uddin, Md. Shalahuddin Millat, Md. Abdur Rahman, Md. Khorshed Alam, Md. Mizanur Rahman Moghal

Title : Screening of Antimicrobial activities of methanolic extracts of Avicennia marina leaves and barks

Volume/Issue : 2016;4(7)

Page No : 42-44

Nanotechnology is a standout amongst the most imperative tool in modern agriculture, and agri-food nanotechnology is anticipated to become driving monetary power in near future. Agri-food topics concentrate on maintainability and assurance of agronomically created nourishments, including products for human utilization and animal feeding. Nanotechnology gives new agrochemical specialists and new conveyance systems to enhance crop efficiency, and it guarantees to lessen pesticide use. Nanotechnology can increse agricultural production, and its applications include: 1) nanoformulations of agrochemicals for applying pesticides and manures for harvest change; 2) the use of nanosensors/nanobiosensors in yield assurance for the ID of sicknesses and buildups of agrochemicals; 3) nanodevices for the hereditary control of plants; 4) plant disease detection; 5) animal wellbeing, animal reproducing, poultry production; and 6) post-harvest administration. Nanotechnology uses nanoparticle mediated gene or DNA transfer in plants for the advancement of insect-resistant varieties, food production, nanofeed added substances, and expanded time span of usability of the generated or produced item. Nanotechnology guarantees to quicken the advancement of biomass-to-fuels production innovations. Researchers feel that the potential advantages of nanotechnology for farming, food, fisheries, and aquaculture should be adjusted against attentiveness toward the dirt, water, and environment and the health of workers. Bringing issues to light of nanotechnology in the agri-food area, including food and food fixings, smart packaging systems , is one of the keys to influencing consumer acceptance. The rise of nanotechnology improvements utilizing nanodevices/nanomaterials opens up potential novel applications in agriculture and food division. Smart delivery systems, biosensors and nanoarrays are being intended to take care of the issue confronted in agriculture sector. Additionally food sector is likewise profited using smart biosensors, packaging materials, and nanonutraceuticals. Regardless of the immense utilization of nanotechnology in agri-food area, individuals are vague about use in food applications due to suspected potential health dangers and natural concerns. In this paper we have made an attempt to give outline of nanotechnology improvements in agri-food division.

Keywords : agriculture, nanotechnology, nanoparticle, nanopesticides, nanosensors, smart delivery systems, food packaging, food preservation.

Author : Aftab Alam, Ismat Fatima Rizvi, Usman Sayeed, M. Kalim A. Khan, Salman Akhtar, Alvina Farooqui and Mohd. Haris Siddiqui

Title : Application of nanotechnology in agriculture and food science

Volume/Issue : 2016;4(7)

Page No : 45-54

Analgesic misuse is a worldwide problem in developed as well as developing countries. Heavy use of analgesics, particularly over-the-counter (OTC) products, has long been associated with chronic renal failure. Several studies have reported associations between chronic renal failure and use of other forms of analgesics, including acetaminophen, aspirin, and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). This review highlights the appropriate use, problems, impact of inappropriate use of analgesics and enumerates strategies to improve rational use of analgesic drugs.

Keywords : Analgesics, Rational, Irrational, Misuse, Prescribers, Consumers

Author : Modupe Iretiola Builders

Title : Rational and irrational use of analgesics: A review

Volume/Issue : 2016;4(7)

Page No : 55-60

Recently in this laboratory convenient method for synthesis of 2-[(2-p-chlorophenyliminoimino-6-substitutedamino)-1,3,5-dithiazino]imino-11-(piprazine-1-yl)dibenzo[b,f] [1,4]oxazepines [VIIIB(a-h)] was developed. The interactions of 2-[ p-chlorophenylimino-2,4-dithiabiureto]-11-(piperazin-1-yl)dibenzo[b,f] [1,4] oxazepine [VB(a)] with various isocyanodichloride (VIIa-f) in 50% acetone-ethanol medium were carried out on water bath to synthesized [VB(a-f)] respectively. The structures of synthesized compounds were justified on the basis of chemical characteristics, elemental analysis and spectral studies.

Keywords : Phenylisothiocyanate, 2-[substituted-2,4-dithiabiureto]-11-(piperazin-1-yl)dibenzo[b,f][1,4] oxazepines and 50% acetone-ethanol

Author : P.R. Kale, D.T. Tayade, K.S. Panpaliya, A.S. Shendge

Title : Synthesis of 2-[(2-p-chlorophenyldimino-6-substitutedamino)-1,3,5-dithiazino]imino-11-(piprazine-1-yl)dibenzo[b,f][1,4]oxazepines

Volume/Issue : 2016;4(7)

Page No : 61-63

This review article discusses the potential applications of nanoparticles and BioMEMS as drug delivery systems for diabetes treatment. This manuscript discusses polymeric nanoparticles, oral insulin administration using polysaccharides and polymeric nanoparticles, inhalable insulin nanoparticles formulations, and insulin delivery using BioMEMS. In addition polymeric nanoparticles and treatment of diabetes –associated symptoms are discussed. There are a few limitations in the use of conventionally available drug delivery systems for diabetes treatment. This article reviews the subject in brief with suitable references to original research articles and review articles on earlier and current research findings about various types of nanoparticles and BioMEMS in diabetes treatment and their limitations.

Keywords : Nanotechnology, diabetes, nanoparticles, nanomedicine, BioMEMS, insulin

Author : S. Kumdhavalli, P. Mayavathi, S. Monisha, T. Geetha Priya, V. Prathiba

Title : Nanotechnology for Diabetes: A Review

Volume/Issue : 2016;4(7)

Page No : 64-72

Pachypodantium staudtii Engl. & Diels, is widely distributed in West Africa and used indigenously for the treatment of pain and inflammatory conditions but has not been validated for these purported uses. Ethanolic extract of Pachypodantium staudtii was evaluated for its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities. Anti-inflammatory effect of the extract was assessed using the carrageenan-induced oedema in chicks whereas antioxidant activity was evaluated using the total antioxidant capacity and DPPH radical scavenging assays. The extract showed a dose dependent inhibition of oedema with maximal percentage inhibition of 68.74% at 300 mg/kg body weight. It also showed significant antioxidant activities. Coumarins, flavonoids, alkaloids and other phytochemicals found in the plant could be responsible for these activities. Thus the present studies have given scientific credence to the folkloric use of P. staudtii for the treatment of pain and inflammation.

Keywords : Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Chick Carrageenan-induced inflammation, Prussian blue assay, DPPH, Alkaloids.

Author : Francis Mainoo Sarpong, Isaac Kingsley Amponsah, Francis Ackah Armah, Yakubu Jibira, Racheal Gyamfi

Title : Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of the ethanolic stem bark extract of Pachypodanthium staudtii engl. & diels (Family Annonaceae)

Volume/Issue : 2016;4(7)

Page No : 73-77

This study investigates the effect of psychological preparation on levels of trait anxiety caused by heart coronary artery bypass grafting before and after surgery in patients hospitalized in Ahvaz Golestan Hospital.method is a clinical trial one, studies 112 patients in coronary artery surgery section of Ahvaz Golestan Hospital had hospitalized for heart coronary artery bypass surgery. In this study, to assess Spielberger anxiety questionnaire were used. questionnaire was completed in admission of the patients was completed by patients twice. First, in the admission in heart surgery section (one day before the heart surgery) and then this questionnaire was completed two days after the surgery and the patient's arrival to care unit. For the intervention group, after carrying out the first stage of completing the questionnaire, psychological preparation was done by psychiatric residents. After evaluating the concerns, the level of information and beliefs of the patient's about heart surgery was determined in three cognitive and behavioral domains and for the length of time intervention was done for case group, and neutral subjects have been prepared in pamphlet were given to control group in order to study and another intervention were performed. the results were analyzed both control and intervention groups. The results for two variables of manifest and trait anxieties in both intervention and control groups statistically have a significant difference with each other (P<0.05). , education level does not affect trait anxiety before intervention (P>0.05). people with various education levels have relatively same levels of trait anxiety in the condition before intervention. Also, trait anxiety levels in various job groups statistically have significant difference with each other (P<0.05). The results showed that ordered regression model based on two variables of trait anxiety before intervention and effect of job condition on trait anxiety after intervention is significant (P<0.05). According to the findings, this research indicates that psychological preparation can reduce trait anxiety in patients with coronary heart surgery. Thus, the psychological preparation of these patients can be helpful and effective.

Keywords : Trait anxiety, Spielberger, Patients, coronary artery by pass grafting

Author : Forouzan Behrouzian, Sorour Nematpour, Seyedeh Tahereh Jazayeri, Mohammadali Sheikhi, Rokhshid Pirboveyri, Seyed Hamed Hoseini

Title : Investigating the effects of psychological preparation on levels of trait anxiety caused by coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) before and after surgery in patients in Ahvaz Golestan Hospital

Volume/Issue : 2016;4(7)

Page No : 78-85

Spirulina is a microalga that has been consumed for centuries due to its high nutritional value and presumed health benefits. Today, attractive lifestyle personalities endorse Spirulina as a hidden, potent "superfood," a "miracle from the sea." The intention of this paper is to first construe the Spirulina and then to support literature on assorted drug delivery systems of spirulina. This review construes the development of assorted delivery scaffolds and to support the various updated technology of drug delivery system for spirulina. These scaffolds have the promising to encourage various biological activities while declining the risk of side effects caused by drugs. The development of polymer nanostructured spirulina containing and the incorporation of spirulina biomass is a significant advance in the field of medicine.

Keywords : Spirulina, Microspheres, Nanoparticles, Drug Delivery Systems

Author : Balaji Yadav Maddina, Gyati Shilakari Asthana, Abhay Asthana

Title : A Review on current scenario of spirulina drug delivery systems

Volume/Issue : 2016;4(7)

Page No : 86-89