Adverse drug reactions represent a serious problem worldwide including Yemen. Spontaneous reporting of adverse drug reactions remains the cornerstone of pharmacovigilance. The survey was conducted to assess knowledge, attitude practices and beliefs of community pharmacy dispensers in Aden city towards pharmacovigilance and adverse drug reactions reporting. A cross-sectional survey was carried out with a convenient sample of community pharmacy dispensers using a pre-tested questionnaire during May through August 2014. Five hundred community pharmacy dispensers participated in the survey. Ninety one percent knew what adverse drug reactions are; 69% unaware of national pharmacovigilance program; 24% mentioned to report only serious and life threatening adverse drug reactions; 70.6% felt that adverse drug reactions reporting should be mandatory for practicing pharmacists; 64.4% had observed adverse drug reactions in their practice, only 21.8% claimed that they had reported them; and 22.3% adequately trained in adverse drug reactions reporting. Inadequate adverse drug reactions and pharmacovigilance knowledge, attitudes, practices and reporting were encountered. This emphasizes the importance of establishing continuing efforts to promote adverse drug reactions program to ensure patient and public safety. Education and training of health professionals and public will be important in increasing and maintaining adverse drug reactions reporting.

Keywords : Knowledge, attitude, practices, adverse drug reactions, pharmacovigilance, community pharmacy dispensers, Aden, Yemen.

Author : Mohammed Alshakka, Ahmed Abdorabbo, Huda Basaleem, Nisha Jha, Thamir Alshammari, and P Ravi Shankar

Title : Knowledge, attitude beliefs and practices of community pharmacy dispensers in Aden, Yemen towards adverse drug reaction reporting

Volume/Issue : 2015;3(10)

Page No : 2111-2118

A spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of Cu (II) using 2-[{4-(1,3-benzoimidazole-2-yl)phenyl} imino]-5- nitro phenolas an extractive reagent. The reagent forms a coloured complex, which has been quantitatively extracted into n- butanol at pH-5.6 . The method obeys Beer’s law over a range from 1 to 10 ppm. The Molar absorptivity and Sandell’s sensitivity calculated were 0.1899 × 104 LMol-1cm-1 and 0.1315 µg cm-2 respectively. The proposed method is very sensitive and selective. The method has been successfully applied to synthetic and commercial samples.

Keywords : Copper, Spectrophotometric determination, n-butanol, 2-[{4-(1,3-benzoimidazole-2-yl)phenyl} imino]-5-nitro phenol

Author : Ratnamala P. Sonawane, Ritima Singh

Title : Use of 2-[{4-(1, 3- benzoimidazole-2- yl) phenyl} imino] -5- nitro phenol as an analytical reagent for extractive spectrophotometric determination of Cu (II)

Volume/Issue : 2015;3(10)

Page No : 2119-2124

Bridelia ferruginea benth. (Euphorbiaceae) is a medicinal plant used in African traditional medicine to cure fevers. Its extract used in this study was powdered form obtained from the maceration of the dried plant bark in water, followed by evaporation to dryness. In this study, the antioxidative and radical scavenging activities of the total aqueous extract were studied throughout six standard biological tests: DPPH reduction, ferric thiocyanate (FTC) lipidic peroxidation inhibition and thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS), reducing power, Chelating power and the FRAP method. Vitamin C was used as a reference. Our results showed that B. ferruginea has a very high content of phenolic compounds (169.00 ± 0.00 mg GAE / g of extract, 11.72 ± 1.54 mg QE / g of extract and 78.33 ± 11.45 mg QE / g of extract phenols, flavonoids and total flavonols respectively) and a high antioxidant activity. Indeed concentrations inducing 50% reduction of DPPH and chelation of Fe II (IC50) were 6.38 ± 0.02 µg / mL and 13.20 ± 0.53 µg / mL respectively with almost 72 % inhibition of lipid peroxidation. This activity is substantially similar to that of the reference molecule, Vitamin C (1.95 ± 0.63 µg / mL, 05.38 ± 0.08 µg / mL and more than 75% inhibition of lipid peroxidation). The result shown by the total aqueous extract of this medicinal plant therefore gives us hope in the search for new and efficient antioxidants molecules.

Keywords : Bridelia ferruginea, oxidative stress, antioxidant activity, chelating power, anti-radical activity, reducing power.

Author : Bidie Alain Dit Philippe; Bahi Gnogbo; Meite Souleymane; Yapo Adou Francis; Nguessan Jean David and Djaman Alico Joseph

Title : Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of total aqueous extract of Bridelia ferruginea benth. (Euphorbiaceae)

Volume/Issue : 2015;3(10)

Page No : 2125-2134

Retraction Notification The editor and Publisher regretfully retract the article as per the request of the author’s, “upon the careful consideration of the issue”. We apologize to all affected parties for the inconvenience caused.

Keywords : Retraction Notification

Author : Naresh Nagubandi and Nagaraju Pappula

Title : Simultaneous estimation of abacavir, lamivudine and dolutegravir from its tablet dosage form by UPLC method

Volume/Issue : 2015;3(10)

Page No : 2135-2140

In the current study, the stem wood of Millettia ovalifolia was evaluated for antifungal, insecticidal and phytotoxic activities. The results revealed that all the fractions showed no antibacterial activity against the tested bacterial strains. In case of antifungal activity, only ethyl acetate (EA) and chloroform (C) fractions exhibited minimum inhibitory concentration both at 500 µg/ml against Microsporum canis. The results of insecticidal activity reveled that ethyl acetate and chloroform fractions were effective against Tribolium castaneum, Rhyzopertha dominica and Callos bruchuanalis. The phytotoxicity data showed that all the fractions affected the growth of lemna minor at the concentration level of 500 µg/ml. The ethyl acetate (EA) and chloroform (C) fractions were found biologically active. These fractions should be further investigated for potential antifungal, insecticidal and phytotoxic compounds.

Keywords : Millettia ovalifolia; antifungal; antibacterial; insecticidal; phytotoxicity

Author : Taj Ur Rahman, Khanzadi Fatima Khattak and Wajiha Liaqat

Title : Evaluation of antifungal, insecticidal and phytotoxic activities of stem wood of Millettia ovalifolia

Volume/Issue : 2015;3(10)

Page No : 2141-2145

A large number of studies on fruit's peels revealed the presence of important phytochemicals having diverse biological activities. Here we report the nutrient compositions, extraction yields, phenolic contents and antioxidants activities of the peel samples of seven underground vegetables namely Beta vulgaris, Brassica rapa, Daucus carota, Ipomoea batatas, Raphanus sativus, Solanum tuberosum and Zingiber officinale. Proximate analysis revealed that the peels are good sources of fibers, proteins and ash. The extraction yields of the peels ranged from 8 to 17%, 15 to 32% and 23 to 33% in ethyl acetate, water and methanol, respectively. The flavonoid, phenolic and carotenoid levels were in the ranges of 63.7 to 147.7 mg/100g, 930.0 to 1658.2 mg/100g and 44.0 to 188.3 mg/100g, respectively. The peels also showed good scavenging activities against DPPH radical and hydrogen peroxide.

Keywords : Flavonoids, carotenoids, phenolics, proximate compositions, scavenging activities, DPPH˙, hydrogen peroxide

Author : Khanzadi Fatima Khattak and Taj ur Rahman

Title : Phytochemical profiles, nutrient compositions, extraction yields and antioxidant activities of seven underground vegetable's peels

Volume/Issue : 2015;3(10)

Page No : 2146-2151

A simple, sensitive, accurate and rapid reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for simultaneous determination of phenylephrine hydrochloride (PHE) and ketorolac tromethamine (KTC). The method was performed on an Eclipse plus C18 reversed phase column (100 mm × 4.6 mm, particle size 3.5 µm) using a mobile phase consisting of methanol: potassium dihydrogen ortho phosphate buffer; pH 6.5 in a ratio of 50:50 (v/v). The flow rate was 1 ml/min and detection was carried out at 277 nm for phenylephrine and 320 nm for ketorolac. The retention times of phenylephrine hydrochloride and ketorolac tromethamine were 1.03 and 2.68 min, respectively. The method was linear over the concentration range of 3-60 μg/ml for phenylephrine and 1.5-21 μg/ml for ketorolac. The described HPLC method was successfully applied for the determination of phenylephrine and ketorolac in laboratory prepared mixture containing all possible excipients present in eye drop dosage form. The mean percentage recovery was found to be 100.23% for phenylephrine and 99.74% for ketorolac. Validation of the method was carried out according to the guidelines of the International Conference of Harmonization (ICH).

Keywords : Pharmaceutical analysis, Optimization, Validation, Laboratory prepared mixtures, Eye drops

Author : Mokhtar M. Mabrouk, Sherin F. Hammad, Fotouh R. Mansour, Mary A. Michael

Title : Reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of phenylephrine hydrochloride and ketorolac tromethamine

Volume/Issue : 2015;3(10)

Page No : 2152-2159

Callus culture from leaf explants of Nigella sativa was used to study the effect of silver nitrate (AgNO3) and salicylic acid (SA) at 0.5mM as elicitor compounds on the chemical composition of N. sativa for two and four days. Total fatty acids and fatty acid esters increased with AgNO3 addition for two days represent 29.73% of total constituents, while essential oils constituents were enhanced by salicylic acid addition for two days represent 79.31% of total constituents. These elicitors (AgNO3 and SA) proved to be good elicitor compounds to increase secondary metabolites (fatty acids and essential oil) in N. sativa callus culture.

Keywords : Nigella sativa, Sliver nitrate, Salicylic acid, Fatty acids, Essential oil, GC-MS analysis

Author : Mona Mohamed Ibrahim, Nermeen Mohamed Arafa, Mohamed Ahmed Matter

Title : Effect of some elicitors on chemicals composition for Nigella sativa callus cultures

Volume/Issue : 2015;3(10)

Page No : 2160-2166